Abstract:

In the archaeological record, how can we identify adobe, cob, rammed earth, or wattle and daub, among other earth construction techniques and materials? Besides characterizing each based on macroscopic descriptions (shapes of structures, fragments, imprints, etc.), the sediments used and the features left in the matrices of these fragments by manufacturing processes can aid in their identification. This work demonstrates the applicability of micromorphology in archaeology for studying earthen architecture. Using case studies from the Iberian Peninsula (mainly protohistoric contexts) and Mesoamerica (primarily Mexico), we present the methodology and main results regarding the identification of earth construction techniques. Micromorphology, a technique for studying the microscopic composition and distribution of soils and sediments, helps analyze earthen fragments. By examining the composition and technological features of samples, we can determine their “chaîne opératoire”: from material types and sources to construction techniques and post-depositional processes. These studies, combined with other analytical methods and macroscopic descriptions, enhance archaeological interpretations of earthen structures and their social implications.